The British Library Catalogue / British National Bibliography¶

Finding, Inspecting and Tagging Books in Fluidinfo¶

There are multiple ways of retrieving book data from Fluidinfo and of tagging it.

• Probably the easiest and most general method is to go to http://artoftagging.com and do a search that involves a book and some keywords from the title and/or author. A list of results should come back and you can see a visualization of any of them by clicking the link If you have a Fluidinfo account, you can create an account at artoftagging.com and then save your Fluidinfo details there. Once logged in, you will then be able to add your own tags to any object you find.

• If you just want to construct the about tag for a book, you can do that using the online version of the Fluidinfo Shell, Fish. Once there, type, for example:

  fish> about book "Animal Farm" "George Orwell"
  book:animal farm (george orwell)
  fish> about book "The Feynman Lectures on Physics' 'Richard P. Feynman"
  "Robert B. Leighton" "Matthew L. Sands"
  book:the feynman lectures on physics (richard p feynman; robert b leighton; matthew l sands)

  (The quotes tell Fish that “Animal Farm” is the title and “George Orwell” a single author.) Alternatively, you can download and install Fish on your own machine. (It is available from Github.) You can then type the same commands, after fish, e.g.:

  $ fish> about book "Animal Farm" "George Orwell"
  book:animal farm (george orwell)

  You can then use any Fluidinfo tool, including the new Object Browser, to work with that object, signing in with Twitter if you like.

• Another easy way of finding an about tag for a book is to find it on Amazon (US or UK, for now) and use the az-fish bookmarklet available at the top of the online Fish (drag it to your browser’ toolbar). The bookmarklet will take the item on the current Amazon page and issue the appropriate Fish command to find the about tag. (You don’t need to log into Fish or Fluidinfo to do this.)

The Hierarchy of Books: Works and Manifestations¶

The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) describes a hierarchy of four kinds of “book” entities in its report Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. These are:

• works
• expressions
• manifestations
• items.

Quoting from that report:

“The entities defined as work (a distinct intellectual or artistic creation) and expression (the intellectual or artistic realization of a work) reflect intellectual or artistic content. The entities defined as manifestation (the physical embodiment of an expression of a work) and item (a single exemplar of a manifestation), on the other hand, reflect physical form.”

Loosely, a work is the conceptual book, usually described by the combination of a title and author—Animal Farm by George Orwell.

The report describes an expression of a work as “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.” Thus George Orwell’s Animal Farm can be translated into different languages, laid out differently, typeset on pages, or in digital form, or recorded as spoken words, and these correspond to different expressions of that same book. There may also be different editions, printings etc., which may have slightly different content. Again, these are different expressions of the same conceptual work. (Occasionally, expressions may encompass several works, such as in the case of compendia.)

Moving down the hierarchy, a manifestation is a particular rendering of a work into physical form — “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work.” Note that “[A]s an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.” Thus, all the copies of the same printing of the same edition of Animal Farm that are essentially indistinguishable collectively correspond to a manifestation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm.

Finally, an item is an individual copy of a book: “a single exemplar of a manifestation.”

The entries in the British Library’s catalogue correspond literally to items, but conceptually to manifestations, but the objects to which I have attached the data in Fluidinfo correspond to works. This is why the c. 3 million records reduce to c. 2.5 million Fluidinfo objects, and why some of the objects have multiple ISBNs etc. It is entirely possible to create further objects at the level of manifestations (and even items, if someone really wants to do so), and even more so at the level of expressions, but I have not done this yet.

The reason I have concentrated on works rather than manifestations is that this seems much the most important level to represent in a system like Fluidinfo: with important exceptions, when people want to rate or comment on a book, it is most often the work, rather than the manifestation, that they are interested in. Moreover, collecting together information about the different ISBNs associated with a single work is positively helpful. That is not to say that there isn’t a case for creating other objects at the level of expressions or manifestations.

Further Work¶

There is a great deal more that can be usefully done with the fabulous data from the British Library. While I am not committing to doing these, tasks on my list list include:

• Authors. Creating an object corresponding to each creator/author/contributor. I plan to use about tags of the form author:normalized name (birth-year) for these, e.g. author:George Orwell (1903). The required data is largely available in the BNB dataset. I would then plan to add a book/related-authors tag to each book, pointing to its authors’ objects and, on the author objects, corresponding sets of book/related-books tags pointing back to their works.

• Upload Checking. Checking the everything uploaded OK. I count 2,558,738 unique books (as works) in the BNB dataset, and I appeared to upload all of these successfully (getting HTTP 204 statuses back from Fluidinfo). However, when I count objects having a book/r tag, I get only 2,468,661, a shortfall of 90,077.

  Whether this indicates a problem or not is unclear, as if I count the number of books with a book/source but no book/r, with the query

  has book/source except has book/r

  it reports 18,921 such books, but as far as I can tell, all those it finds in fact have a book/r, so it appears that Fluidinfo is having some difficulty executing some queries correctly at the moment.

• About Tag Checking. I had to use some fairly hairy code to coerce the BNB data into the correct form to generate canonical about tags in the book-u convention, and it has definitely failed in some cases. For example, I have seen at least one example where the surname of an author in the BNB data preceded the forename but without a comma, so that forename and surname will have been reversed. To the extent that I can detect these problems, I will try to fix them.

• Recent additions. I believe the British Library has issued updates with recent additions (since November 2010); I certainly plan to get that data and import it in a similar fashion, and then to set up a CRON job to do that regularly. In this way, I hope the dataset will be living and always current.

• Categorizations. The BNB data includes subject categories for the records, which I have not imported thus far. I will do so.

• Year information. There is information about publication dates in the BNB data, but it is not in a very structured form. If I am able to extract it with a satisfactory degree of reliability, I will get this too. Obviously, different manifestations will have different publication dates, so this will probably be a set-valued tag.

Enjoy the data, and let me know if you find problems.

I expect I will write a number of other posts on issues associated with this data.